General Relativity

General Relativity

universe bulk volume brane dimension
For decades, theorists have been cooking up "theories of everything" to explain our Universe. Are all of them completely off-track?
Image of a galaxy cluster with bright yellow galaxies at the center, surrounded by blue regions representing dark matter in deep space—a striking view often used for dark matter cosmic test MOND studies.
On cosmic scales, only dark matter (or something equivalent) gives us the Universe we observe. Now, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect agrees.
We have two descriptions of the Universe that work perfectly well: general relativity and quantum physics. Too bad they don't work together.
color charge color anticolor
When what we predict and what we measure don't add up, that's a sign there's something new to learn. Could it be a new fundamental force?
Standard Model particles symmetry
The combination of charge conjugation, parity, and time-reversal symmetry is known as CPT. And it must never be broken. Ever.
travel straight line
In theory, the fabric of space could have been curved in any way imaginable. So why is the Universe flat when we measure it?
Binary black holes eventually inspiral and merge. That's why the OJ 287 system is destined for the most energetic event in history.
wormholes
Nothing lives forever, at least, not in the known Universe. But relativity allows us to get closer than ever: from a physics perspective.
Millikan Lemaitre and Einstein
Not everyone accepts the scientific consensus; some even make careers out of challenging it. But only a select few do it the right way.
black hole
Quantum entanglement links information between particles across space and time. So what happens when one of them falls into a black hole?
Visualization of the timeline of the universe, from the beginning big bang to the present.
The Universe is expanding, the expansion is accelerating, and some galaxies even recede faster-than-light. Can we see a change in real time?
einstein
Even the most brilliant mind in history couldn't have achieved all he did without significant help from the minds of others.
Two bright celestial objects, including the brightest planet, shine in the night sky, partially obscured by clouds and surrounded by smaller, faint stars.
Even at its faintest, Venus always outshines every other star and planet that's visible from Earth, and then some!
Our great hope is that today's indirect, astrophysical evidence will someday lead to successful direct detection. What if that's impossible?
Raisin bread expanding Universe
Even in an expanding Universe, we expect both redshifted and blueshifted galaxies. But nearly every one we see is redshifted. Here's why.
An elderly woman wearing glasses, a black hat, and a patterned scarf smiles while seated indoors—reminiscent of Gladys West, the Einstein behind GPS technology.
Two main contributors enabled our modern global positioning system (GPS): Albert Einstein and Gladys West. Here's how she made it happen.
Many view the development of fringe, alternative theories as a useless waste of time. But when they can be tested, it shows what reality is.
A deep space image shows numerous distant galaxies and stars against a dark background, including several bright spots shaped by a gravitational lens cross, with diffuse light sources scattered throughout.
Gravitational lenses arise when foreground masses and background light sources properly align. Einstein rings are rare, but crosses abound.
black hole
It's not about particle-antiparticle pairs falling into or escaping from a black hole. A deeper explanation alters our view of reality.
Diagram showing light from a distant galaxy bending around a red-hued massive object, reaching telescopes on Earth via different paths and at different times.
The VENUS survey isn't about planets at all, but about finding multiply-lensed supernovae. The ambition? To save the expanding Universe.
A black and white image of a ball in antigravity motion.
In general relativity, matter and energy curve spacetime, which we experience as gravity. Why can't there be an "antigravity" force?
cosmic rays
Particles are everywhere, including particles from space that stream through the human body. Here's how they prove Einstein's relativity.
Book cover of "Crush: Close Encounters with Gravity" by James Riordon, featuring a crushed red soda can with a green leaf.
From white holes to dark stars and multiverses, James Riordon explores the bizarre exhibits of general relativity's "cryptozoo."
gravity probe b
We first measured G, the gravitational constant, back in the 18th century. As the least well-known fundamental constant, can it be improved?
In 2017, a kilonova sent light and gravitational waves across the Universe. Here on Earth, there was a 1.7 second signal arrival delay. Why?
An image of El Gordo, a massive galaxy cluster captured by Hubble
The planet, the Solar System, and the galaxy aren't expanding. But the whole Universe is. So where does the dividing line begin?
A dense cluster of differently sized red, blue, and green spheres overlaps against a black background, evoking the biggest mysteries surrounding the origin of the universe.
We've long known we can't go back to infinite temperatures and densities. But the hottest part of the hot Big Bang remains a cosmic mystery.
Illustration of the universe's large-scale structure with colorful concentric circles, representing cosmic structure distribution, against a black background.
Observations with the Hubble space telescope helped cement dark energy and reveal the Hubble tension. How are these two things so different?
Artistic illustration depicting one of the biggest mysteries of the origin of the universe, showing entangled particles connected by curved paths in space, inspired by concepts from quantum physics and wormholes.
Inflation's two main criticisms, that it can predict anything and that the "measure problem" remains unsolved, can't erase its successes.
As the Universe ages, it continues to gravitate, form stars, and expand. And yet, all this will someday end. Do we finally understand how?