Astrobiology

Astrobiology

View of Earth rising over the Moon’s surface against a black space backdrop, captured during an Apollo mission.
If humanity lives in an otherwise barren Universe, we'll have to forge philosophy that fills the void.
Chemical structures over an image of a planet with a dark background, resembling a scientific illustration of molecular compounds in space exploration.
Life might be more common across the Universe than the "Hard Steps Model" suggests.
A collage of images shows microscopic views with arrows and lines depicting movement and velocity, displayed on a color scale, with a scale marker indicating 20 micrometers.
Motility was suggested as a promising "biosignature" as early as the 1960s, but the technology was insufficient — until now.
A person holds a sign reading "GLOBAL WARMING is a cruel hoax" with a dog standing nearby on a leafy ground.
Astronomer Adam Frank reflects on some responses to his recent appearance on the Lex Fridman Podcast.
how common is life
Earth is actively broadcasting and actively searching for intelligent civilizations. But could our technology even detect ourselves?
Known as orphaned planets, rogue planets, or planets without parent stars, these "outliers" might be the most common type of planet overall.
Under the night sky, where the Milky Way galaxy glows above a silhouette of trees and a mountain, stars scatter across the deep blue and purple expanse. It's an ideal backdrop for alien hunting, sparking curiosity about potential biosignatures hidden among those distant celestial wonders.
Recent controversies bode ill for the effort to detect life on other planets by analyzing the gases in their atmospheres.
Grayscale image showing a flying object captured on radar screen with various data markings.
Astronomer Adam Frank asks: With so many extraordinary claims, why can't anybody produce the proof?
Close-up of multi-colored snowflakes on the left and a detailed view of a spiral galaxy on the right against a star-filled background.
How did life on Earth begin? Is there life on other worlds? An answer to either question will reflect heavily on the other. 
Spacecraft with solar panels orbits Europa, Jupiter's icy moon, with Jupiter visible in the background.
MIT Scientist Jason Soderblom describes how the NASA mission will study the geology and composition of the surface of Jupiter’s water-rich moon and assess its astrobiological potential.
Comparison of early Mars with abundant water and a thicker atmosphere versus the dry and arid Mars of today, much like Venus, which also died in terms of its potential to support life.
Mars and Earth were sister planets in many ways, with early similar conditions. Why did Mars die? The leading explanation isn't universal.
Silhouette of NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft with antennas poised against a colorful planetary surface, sparking dreams of alien life.
Could life be widespread throughout the cosmos, in the subsurface oceans of ice-covered worlds? NASA's Europa Clipper mission investigates.
Rocky, reddish Martian landscape with scattered boulders and a hazy sky.
Caption:“At this time in Mars’ history, we think CO2 is everywhere, in every nook and cranny, and water percolating through the rocks is full of CO2 too,” Joshua Murray says.
Aerial image of a Martian landscape with rough, textured surface featuring blue and reddish-brown hues marked by undulating ridges and valleys.
Scientists might be looking for Martian life in the wrong place.
A detailed image of the moon with visible craters and surface textures, set against a dark sky filled with numerous stars.
Finding life beyond our Solar System requires understanding its host planet.
So far, Earth is the only planet that we're certain possesses active life processes. Here's what we shouldn't assume about life elsewhere.
first contact
Life arose on Earth early on, eventually giving rise to us: intelligent and technologically advanced. "First contact" still remains elusive.
Six images of lunar craters including Centra Mare Fecunditatis, Mare Tranquillitatis, Mare Ingenii, Southweast, Schlieter Crater, Highland 1, Highland 2, and Mare Smth.
The recent discovery of a large cave on the Moon highlights the importance of caves not just for future space explorers but astrobiology as well.
lunar horizon glow clementine
Earth, the only rocky planet with a large, massive satellite, is greatly affected by the Moon. Destroying it would cause 7 major changes.
Microscopic close-up of a cell undergoing division, showing two forming daughter cells with visible internal structures against a purple background.
7mins
“The physics of the universe doesn't predict the emergence of biology.” Glasgow chemist Lee Cronin explains how inanimate matter becomes evolutionary:
A large astronomical observatory, featuring the futuristic dome structure of an ELT, stands majestically in a desert landscape. A small red vehicle is visible near the base of the observatory.
The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will have a light-collecting power 10 times greater than today's best telescope.
Physicists have increasingly begun to view life as information-processing "states of matter" that require special consideration.
Close-up of a brown beetle viewed from the side under a microscope, showing its detailed body structure against a plain white background.
A long view of biological survival might point us to new possibilities for finding life elsewhere in the Universe.
Illustration of a cluster of yellow crystal formations with pointed tips, drawn on a light, off-white background.
3mins
“I study the mineral kingdom — and its secrets could lead us to alien life.”
moon two faces
The near and far sides of the Moon are so different from each other, and no one is sure why. New lunar samples could confirm a wild theory.
A spacecraft hovers near a bright ring of light in space, surrounded by misty rays and a vast, dark background.
This research team is working out how to detect extraterrestrial cells in the liquid water ocean hidden beneath Enceladus’s icy crust.
A melting clock drapes over a bare tree branch in a surreal, barren landscape with simple geometric shapes and muted colors.
7mins
“We could be wrong. But if we are right, it’s profoundly important.” Leading mineralogist Dr. Robert Hazen on the missing law of nature that could explain why life emerges.
John Templeton Foundation
Black and white image of the moon's surface covered with numerous craters of varying sizes under a stark black sky.
The Moon is the most likely place for evidence from the dawn of life on Earth to be preserved in cold storage.
Animated countdown timer at zero with the word "MINUS" appearing after the countdown, displayed over a background transitioning from red to blue.
The threats Mars astronauts face — and how NASA is working to solve them.