Universe Expansion

Universe Expansion

An Ishihara color blindness test with colored dots, showing letters “u” and “d” in black, and a magnified section highlighting the dot pattern—inviting viewers to observe proton decay through subtle visual cues.
"Color" with respect to the strong force is just an analogy. Here's how to understand it without colors, group theory, or any advanced math.
Two highways, "Early Route" and "Late Route," marked 67.2 and 73.5, traverse a cosmic background with gradients and data—highlighting the Hubble tension and potential bad measurement in determining universal expansion rates.
The distance ladder and the CMB give incompatible values for the expansion rate. A new study shows just how robust the Hubble tension is.
Known as the "past hypothesis" problem, the Universe's initially low entropy has long puzzled scientists. Now, cosmic inflation solves it.
apollo 8 earthrise
As the world teeters on the brink of nuclear war, distant, advanced civilizations would never know it. Earth appears peaceful from far away.
black hole merger
As light travels across the Universe, it's subject to cosmic expansion, changing fields, and relative motion. How about gravitational waves?
A colorful map shows the distribution of nearby galaxies, with distances and redshift factors labeled, created by DESI; NSF, NOIRLab, and Kitt Peak logos are visible.
Is dark energy evolving with at least 99.99% confidence? Despite the quality of recent data, scientists have every reason to be skeptical.
logarithmic history of universe
In a 13.8 billion year old Universe, a few seconds hardly seems like it matters. But these minuscule changes sure do add up over time.
Two peculiar galaxies collide in deep space, forming bright clusters and swirling dust clouds—a striking scene that reveals the beauty and violence of the cosmos against a dark background.
Most massive galaxies are spiral or elliptical shaped. But peculiar galaxies showcase the beautiful violence that helps explain our cosmos.
Illustration of multiple spiral galaxies and stars being pulled toward a central black hole in deep space, with blue and purple light streaks tracing the motion along a dark energy curve that shapes the universe.
Early on, the Universe needed near-perfect flatness, or atoms, stars, and galaxies couldn't form. What happens once dark energy takes over?
bok globule barnard 68 dust wavelength
The image you're seeing isn't a hole in the Universe, and the cosmic voids that do exist aren't hole-like at all.
Looking up at the night sky gives us a glimpse of the Universe beyond our terrestrial concerns. Here's the science of what's out there.
No matter what physical system we consider, nature always obeys the same fundamental laws. Must it be this way, and if so, why?
travel straight line
In theory, the fabric of space could have been curved in any way imaginable. So why is the Universe flat when we measure it?
Binary black holes eventually inspiral and merge. That's why the OJ 287 system is destined for the most energetic event in history.
M81 Group
Over billions of years, fewer stars form, galaxies mutually recede, and the Universe becomes ever darker. Here's how fast it all happens.
Millikan Lemaitre and Einstein
Not everyone accepts the scientific consensus; some even make careers out of challenging it. But only a select few do it the right way.
Side-by-side images of a nebula in space, showing colorful, wispy gas and dust shells surrounding a bright central region with numerous stars in the background.
Resembling a cosmic brain, the Exposed Cranium Nebula instead shows a dying, massive star, as JWST reveals. Its fate remains uncertain.
warm-hot intergalactic medium sculptor wall
In traveling through the expanding Universe, particles slow down while light and gravitational waves redshift. What degrades and what won't?
particle physics destroy universe
Smashing things together at unprecedented energies sounds dangerous. But it's nothing the Universe hasn't already seen, and survived.
No civilization, no matter how successful, can last forever. What does the non-detection of intelligent aliens mean for our own longevity?
A view of a star-filled night sky with numerous bright stars and distant galaxies, including Hubble-dark galaxy formations, scattered across a dark background.
The discovery of CDG-2, a galaxy that's more than 99.9% dark matter, could reveal a new population of ultra-faint galaxies. But is it real?
A radio telescope observes a distant galaxy; insets show a magnified view of the galaxy—home to the most distant laser—and a spectral graph. Illustration attributed to IDIA.
Forget about the terawatt lasers we're making on Earth. The Universe makes natural ones thousands of times more powerful than the Sun.
The fundamental building blocks of reality are indivisible: quanta that cannot be split or divided. Our understanding remains incomplete.
White lines intersect around a central, glowing sphere on a black background, creating a complex geometric and abstract pattern that suggests how nothing can persist when the universe dies.
Long after the last star burns out, the Universe will experience its end state: a heat death. Will everything prior then be meaningless?
Visualization of the timeline of the universe, from the beginning big bang to the present.
The Universe is expanding, the expansion is accelerating, and some galaxies even recede faster-than-light. Can we see a change in real time?
A luminous dying sun with jets and swirling clouds appears at the center of a dark background, encircled by concentric patterns—an image reminiscent of Hubble’s stunning cosmic view.
Before Sun-like stars die, they transition from AGB red giants into preplanetary nebulae. Here's how Hubble sees the famous Egg Nebula.
Side-by-side comparison of the Pillars of Creation in space, showing Hubble's visible light image and JWST's infrared image. Labels indicate "Hubble (Visible)" and "JWST (Infrared)".
Here in our modern Universe, it's cosmic dust that forms planets, complex molecules, and enables life. But how did the Universe create it?
star vs planet vs brown dwarf
13.8 billion years have passed since the Big Bang, but many stars will survive for longer than that. What's the longest-lived a star can be?
A dense field of distant galaxies and bright stars against a black background, as captured in a JWST early galaxies deep space telescope image.
Many collaborations have used JWST to take deep-field images: some wider and some deeper than others. Here's how it can surpass them all.
Image of a star field with numerous galaxies; several objects are circled in white, and one object is marked with an “X” near the center.
The Universe formed stars, galaxies, and even galaxy clusters extremely early on in our cosmos. This new marvel is one more JWST surprise.