Cosmology

Cosmology

Image of a galaxy cluster with bright yellow galaxies at the center, surrounded by blue regions representing dark matter in deep space—a striking view often used for dark matter cosmic test MOND studies.
On cosmic scales, only dark matter (or something equivalent) gives us the Universe we observe. Now, the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect agrees.
An Ishihara color blindness test with colored dots, showing letters “u” and “d” in black, and a magnified section highlighting the dot pattern—inviting viewers to observe proton decay through subtle visual cues.
"Color" with respect to the strong force is just an analogy. Here's how to understand it without colors, group theory, or any advanced math.
A bright, circular object with concentric rings and a surrounding halo set against a dark background, resembling a gap-clearing planet or other astronomical phenomena.
One parameter, alone, sets the dividing line between rocky planets, gas giants, brown dwarfs, stars, and much more. Here's why mass matters.
Two highways, "Early Route" and "Late Route," marked 67.2 and 73.5, traverse a cosmic background with gradients and data—highlighting the Hubble tension and potential bad measurement in determining universal expansion rates.
The distance ladder and the CMB give incompatible values for the expansion rate. A new study shows just how robust the Hubble tension is.
black hole merger
As light travels across the Universe, it's subject to cosmic expansion, changing fields, and relative motion. How about gravitational waves?
A colorful map shows the distribution of nearby galaxies, with distances and redshift factors labeled, created by DESI; NSF, NOIRLab, and Kitt Peak logos are visible.
Is dark energy evolving with at least 99.99% confidence? Despite the quality of recent data, scientists have every reason to be skeptical.
logarithmic history of universe
In a 13.8 billion year old Universe, a few seconds hardly seems like it matters. But these minuscule changes sure do add up over time.
Two peculiar galaxies collide in deep space, forming bright clusters and swirling dust clouds—a striking scene that reveals the beauty and violence of the cosmos against a dark background.
Most massive galaxies are spiral or elliptical shaped. But peculiar galaxies showcase the beautiful violence that helps explain our cosmos.
Illustration of multiple spiral galaxies and stars being pulled toward a central black hole in deep space, with blue and purple light streaks tracing the motion along a dark energy curve that shapes the universe.
Early on, the Universe needed near-perfect flatness, or atoms, stars, and galaxies couldn't form. What happens once dark energy takes over?
bok globule barnard 68 dust wavelength
The image you're seeing isn't a hole in the Universe, and the cosmic voids that do exist aren't hole-like at all.
A person sits on a chair against a white backdrop with abstract black dotted patterns, set against a yellow background.
1hr 16mins
NASA astronomer Michelle Thaller makes the case that quantum entanglement may be the underlying fabric from which spacetime itself emerges. 
We have two descriptions of the Universe that work perfectly well: general relativity and quantum physics. Too bad they don't work together.
No matter what physical system we consider, nature always obeys the same fundamental laws. Must it be this way, and if so, why?
color charge color anticolor
When what we predict and what we measure don't add up, that's a sign there's something new to learn. Could it be a new fundamental force?
M81 Group
Over billions of years, fewer stars form, galaxies mutually recede, and the Universe becomes ever darker. Here's how fast it all happens.
Millikan Lemaitre and Einstein
Not everyone accepts the scientific consensus; some even make careers out of challenging it. But only a select few do it the right way.
Side-by-side images of a nebula in space, showing colorful, wispy gas and dust shells surrounding a bright central region with numerous stars in the background.
Resembling a cosmic brain, the Exposed Cranium Nebula instead shows a dying, massive star, as JWST reveals. Its fate remains uncertain.
warm-hot intergalactic medium sculptor wall
In traveling through the expanding Universe, particles slow down while light and gravitational waves redshift. What degrades and what won't?
A man sits on a chair against a white backdrop, with a background featuring repeated vintage images of a person riding a horse.
1hr 19mins
Theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili explores why our sense of time may be incredibly misleading, including the idea that past, present, and future might all exist at once.
A view of a star-filled night sky with numerous bright stars and distant galaxies, including Hubble-dark galaxy formations, scattered across a dark background.
The discovery of CDG-2, a galaxy that's more than 99.9% dark matter, could reveal a new population of ultra-faint galaxies. But is it real?
black hole
Quantum entanglement links information between particles across space and time. So what happens when one of them falls into a black hole?
A radio telescope observes a distant galaxy; insets show a magnified view of the galaxy—home to the most distant laser—and a spectral graph. Illustration attributed to IDIA.
Forget about the terawatt lasers we're making on Earth. The Universe makes natural ones thousands of times more powerful than the Sun.
The fundamental building blocks of reality are indivisible: quanta that cannot be split or divided. Our understanding remains incomplete.
White lines intersect around a central, glowing sphere on a black background, creating a complex geometric and abstract pattern that suggests how nothing can persist when the universe dies.
Long after the last star burns out, the Universe will experience its end state: a heat death. Will everything prior then be meaningless?
quark gluon plasma primordial soup
Before we formed stars, atoms, elements, or even got rid of our antimatter, the Big Bang made neutrinos. And we finally found them.
Visualization of the timeline of the universe, from the beginning big bang to the present.
The Universe is expanding, the expansion is accelerating, and some galaxies even recede faster-than-light. Can we see a change in real time?
A luminous dying sun with jets and swirling clouds appears at the center of a dark background, encircled by concentric patterns—an image reminiscent of Hubble’s stunning cosmic view.
Before Sun-like stars die, they transition from AGB red giants into preplanetary nebulae. Here's how Hubble sees the famous Egg Nebula.
An older person sits on a chair against a white backdrop, with a colorful outer space scene digitally added around the background.
1hr 3mins
Astronomer Jill Tarter explains why SETI is really about technology, patience, and learning how to tell alien signals from our own.
A dense field of distant galaxies and bright stars against a black background, as captured in a JWST early galaxies deep space telescope image.
Many collaborations have used JWST to take deep-field images: some wider and some deeper than others. Here's how it can surpass them all.
Image of a star field with numerous galaxies; several objects are circled in white, and one object is marked with an “X” near the center.
The Universe formed stars, galaxies, and even galaxy clusters extremely early on in our cosmos. This new marvel is one more JWST surprise.